自1898年进入南京的新式学堂，至1906年从仙台医专退学，鲁迅近十年的主业均密切围绕现代科学。在这种背景下，鲁迅倡导科学救国并呼吁破除“迷信”，但从《科学史教篇》开始，他的思路发生了明显转变，并最终在《破恶声论》中提出“伪士当去，迷信可存”。鲁迅首先回顾了科学发展的历史，他指出科学应当以探求自然界真理为目的，而清末功利主义的科学观并没有触及问题的根本。同时，鲁迅也将西方科学史内在的认识论问题引入了清末知识界，他接受了英国维多利亚时期的科学家华惠尔、赫胥黎以及丁达尔的启发，认为人的认识能力有限，并依据人性的整体立场建立了批判视野。鲁迅由此形成的科学观深刻区别于清末科学主义者。在《破恶声论》中，他尤其重点反驳了《续无鬼论》与《无鬼说》中破除“迷信”的说法，鲁迅强调科学的边界并赞美“迷信”内在的道德及美学意蕴。从破除“迷信”到主张“伪士当去，迷信可存”，这种变化清晰显示出鲁迅早年科学观走向成熟的轨迹。

From entering the new school in Nanjing in 1898 to dropping out of Sendai Medical College in 1906, Lu Xun’s main business had been revolved around modern science. In this context, Lu Xun initially called for the salvation of the country by science and advocated the elimination of “superstition.” However, from the beginning of “On Science and Education,” his thinking has changed significantly, and finally claimed in “Breaking the Evil Voice” that “hypocrites should be banished, yet superstitions can be saved.” He pointed out that science should be aimed at seeking the truth of nature, while the utilitarian view of science in the late Qing did not touch the root of the problem. At the same time, Lu Xun also introduced the epistemological issues inherent in the history of western science into the intellectual world at the end of the Qing dynasty. He accepted the inspiration of the scientists of the Victorian era in Britain, such as Whewell, Huxley, and Tyndall, believed that human rational ability was limited, and established a critical vision based on the overall position of human nature. Lu Xun’s scientific view thus formed is profoundly different from the scientists in the late Qing dynasty. In Breaking the Evil Voice, he especially refuted the idea of breaking “superstition” in “Continuation of the Theory of No Ghost” and “The Theory of No Ghost.” Lu Xun emphasized the limitation of rationality and praised the moral and aesthetic implications of “superstition.” From breaking away from “superstition” to advocating that “hypocrites should be banished, yet superstitions can be saved,” this change clearly shows the track of Lu Xun’s early scientific view towards maturity.